Do Measures for Cleaner Air Actually Work?

It is unclear whether measures designed to improve outdoor air quality actually reduce the concentration of pollutants present and mitigate their effects on public health, according to a new review published in the Cochrane Library.

“It’s important to remember how many factors influence both air quality and the relevant health conditions,” says Jacob Burns from the Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE) at the LMU’s Pettenkofer School of Public Health.

The authors of the new study, led by Professor Eva Rehfuess’ research group from the IBE at the Pettenkofer School of Public Health, provide the first systematic review aiming to identify and critically appraise all studies that evaluate the impact of measures aiming to improve air quality. The study considers 38 specific measures, ranging from those to reduce traffic, to the regulation of industrial emissions and opportunities for cleaner and more efficient household heating systems.

“For the most part, the studies that we reviewed show either positive or unclear effects. But these studies differ so much from one another that we could not, with confidence, draw general conclusions about what works and what does not work,” Burns explains. The LMU epidemiologists emphasize, however, that this is not an argument against such interventions. Indeed, the authors explicitly note that “it is important to emphasize that lack of evidence of an association is not equivalent to evidence of no association.” For them, the more important message is that “the methods of evaluation in this area must be improved, so that decision-makers have a reliable basis on which to base their policy choices,” says Rehfuess.

In this study, the LMU researchers make a number of specific recommendations – in particular with respect to the design of future studies in this area, but some of which also directed at policymakers. “At the moment,” says Rehfuess, “many studies are conducted retrospectively. Ideally, the evaluation could be incorporated into the planning and introduction of the measure.”