A randomized trial of nearly 4,000 outpatients with COVID-19 found no benefit from treatment with aspirin or colchicine, according to research presented at ESC Congress 2022.1
Principal investigator Dr. John Eikelboom of McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada said: “The results provide no evidence that colchicine or aspirin are beneficial in outpatients with COVID-19. Vaccination remains the most effective treatment to reduce hospitalization and death due to COVID-19.”
In December 2021 it was estimated that 3.8 billion persons worldwide had been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19.2 While only a minority of those infected develop moderate or severe disease, the large number of patients requiring hospitalization has overwhelmed many healthcare systems. Additional affordable and efficacious therapies are needed to prevent disease progression.
Worsening disease in patients with COVID-19 is characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response and hemostatic activation.3,4 The Anti-Coronavirus Therapies (ACT) Outpatient Trial tested two treatments: colchicine to target inflammation and aspirin to target hemostatic activation, with the goal of preventing disease progression in community-based patients with COVID-19. The trial was conducted in 12 countries.
The trial randomized 3,917 community-based patients with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 to receive 28 days of treatment with: (1) colchicine (0.6 mg twice daily for three days, followed by 0.6 mg once daily for an additional 25 days) versus control and (2) aspirin (100 mg once daily) versus control, using a factorial design.5 The design enabled simultaneous evaluation of the independent effects of colchicine and of aspirin as well as their possible additive effects. The main outcome for the comparison between colchicine and control was hospitalization or death, and for the comparison between aspirin and control was major thrombosis, hospitalization, or death.
Colchicine compared with control did not significantly reduce hospitalization or death (66 [3.4%] vs. 65 [3.3%] events, hazard ratio [HR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72–1.43, p=0.926). Aspirin versus control did not significantly reduce major thrombosis, hospitalization, or death (59 [3.0%] vs. 73 [3.8%] events, HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.57–1.13, p=0.211). There was no evidence of benefit of either treatment in any of the subgroups examined, including severity of disease at baseline, time from diagnosis to randomization, vaccination status, or time of treatment according to the phase of the pandemic.
The authors noted that event rates in the control group fell progressively during the course of the study from around 7–8% at the beginning to less than 2% towards the end, and the number of patients who experienced an outcome was substantially lower than expected.
The researchers also performed an updated meta-analysis of randomized trials of colchicine in outpatients (n=8,369) and inpatients (n=15,335) with COVID-19 which provided no evidence of a significant benefit, either for the prevention of the primary outcome (as reported in the trials) or for the prevention of mortality
Dr. Eikelboom said: “Several factors may have contributed to the falling event rates over time, including changing virulence of different strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, increasing population immunity conferred by a combination of herd immunity and immunization, increasing use of effective co-interventions in more vulnerable populations, or changing patterns of disease management.”
He concluded: “Taken together with the results of our updated meta-analysis, the evidence from the ACT Outpatient Trial does not support the use of either colchicine or aspirin for the treatment of outpatients with COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 who are currently infected and at risk of disease progression might consider the use of proven effective antiviral therapies, if accessible, to prevent disease progression.”
References / Notes
1ACT Outpatient Trial will be discussed during Hot Line Session 10 on Monday 29 August at 16:30 to 17:30 CEST in the Barcelona auditorium.
2COVID-19 Cumulative Infection Collaborators. Estimating global, regional, and national daily and cumulative infections with SARS-CoV-2 through Nov 14, 2021: a statistical analysis. Lancet. 2022;399:2351–2380.
3Bonaventura A, Vecchie A, Dagna L, et al. Colchicine for COVID-19: targeting NLRP3 inflammasome to blunt hyperinflammation. Inflamm Res. 2022;71:293–307.
4Leentjens J, van Haaps TF, Wessels PF, et al. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and antithrombotic agents-lessons after 1 year. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8:e524–e533.
5Eikelboom J, Rangarajan S, Jolly SS, et al. The Anti-Coronavirus Therapies (ACT) trials: design, baseline characteristics, and challenges. CJC Open. 2022;4:568–576.
